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Papers On More Philosophers & Philosophies
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Analysis of Irigaray's Spiritual Ideas
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This 5 page thesis paper delves into this feminist writer's ideas about spirituality and religion. She is compared with Simone de Beauvoir. Irigaray's outstanding contribution to women's spirituality is emphasized. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA018Iri.rtf

Cultural Relativism in Philosophy
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This 6 page paper explores the issue of cultural relativism in the context of arguments made by Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas. Many examples are provided. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA014Cul.rtf

Why Hylemorphism is Preferred Over Materialism
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A 5 page paper which explains why the metaphysical concept of hylemorphism is preferred over materialism, specifically considering the positions of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TGhylmor.rtf

Cross-Cultural Philosophical Views on Life & The Nature of Man
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A 4 page essay on philosophical theories concerning life, how it should be lived, moral decision, and what it means to exist. Examined and compared are ideologies expounded by Aristotle (Greek), Egaleman (Native Indian), Bhagavad-Gita (Hindu), etc; No Bibliography.
Filename: Philalex.wps

Applied Philosophical Essays
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11 pages worth of philosophical essays (7 essays to be exact). Mentioned are Hume, Descartes, Plato, Aristotle, and Kant. Essays are available for individual sale. Please e-mail a request for more detailed information.
Filename: 7philes.rtf

Applied Philosophical Essays # 2
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33 pages containing 16 brief essays. Approximately 8 of these are about the philosophies of Aristotle and the remaining 8 discuss those of Kant and/or Bentham. Please e-mail a request for more detailed information or to purchase in parts/sections. No bibliography.
Filename: Aristotl.wps

Classical & Modern Philosophy In The Eye Of A PostModern World
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An 8 page paper discussing that the philosophers of both the classical and modern traditions actually have little to say of relevance to the post-modern world. Philosophical theorists discussed include Aristotle ('Nichomachean Ethics'), Rousseau ('Social Contract'), Hobbes ('Leviathan') and Karl Marx ('Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts'). Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Modernth.wps

History of Contemporary Symbolic Logic
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This 6 page paper explores the history of logic, with a focus on Aristotle. Applications for use of logical principles are fully explored. The paper looks at the use of logic from Ancient times through the postmodern era. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA011log.rtf

Popperian Perspective of Aristotle-Ptolemy and Galilean Science
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The ability to change was of utmost importance to Karl Popper, an esteemed philosopher of science. In the epistemological theses of Popper, falsification is the primary concept and calls Popper's views into the mind of many scientists. According to Popper, scientific theories and hypotheses cannot be justified: No logic or experiment can establish that a scientific statement is true. On the other hand, a logical conclusion or rigorous experimental or other observation - if incompatible with the scientific statement - can demonstrate its falsity. Thus, scientific theories can be shown to be false, and science progresses not by a gradual increase of established true statements or theories, but by the elimination of false ones. When Copernicus published De revolutionibus in 1543, he had no proof of his heliocentric hypothesis. Popper would say that the theory had been untested. This 8 page paper explores the ideas and theories of Galileo as he contested the earlier work of Aristotle and Ptolemy from the perspective of Karl Popper's work and ideas. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KTpopper.wps

Space, Time, & Matter -- Do They Co-Exist ?
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A 14 page essay that looks at what great philosophers such as Descartes and Aristotle thought about the nature of the universe as well as more modern ideas put forward by Einstein and others. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Sptima.wps

Thomas Paine's 'Rights Of Man' And Edmund Burke's 'Reflections Of The French Revolution': Opposing Views
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6 pages in length. At odds with one another's philosophies, Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke addressed their opposition through the written word. In 'Rights of Man,' Paine contends that each individual is due the inherent natural rights that accompany birth; Burke, on the other hand, contends in his 'Reflections of the French Revolution' that the masses are bound by their lowly social status to abide by the aristocracy. Staunch in their respective assertions, the writer discusses how both Paine and Burke were instrumental in launching the social and political debates that continue today. No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLCburke.wps

Kant And Hume On The Metaphysics Of Moral And The Nature Of Reason and Empiricism
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This 5 page paper considers the arguments of both Hume and Kant regarding the nature of reason and empiricism, while also reflecting on Kant's categorical imperative and the empirical reasoning of Hume. This paper evaluates these considerations in Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and Hume's An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and A Treatise on Human Nature. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Kanthu.wps

Are Moral Claims Justifiable
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This 7 page paper considers the issue of whether moral claims are justifiable or if they aren't, why such justification is impossible. This paper integrates the views of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, Nietzche and Foucault, and considers one specific example relative to the justifications offered for moral claims. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHmoral4.wps

Fichte's Vocation Of Man
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A 5 page research paper that examines how the philosophy of Fichte built on that of Kant to form the foundations for the philosophical school of absolute idealism. This analysis of his book The Vocation of Man gives an overview of his philosophy. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Vocaman.wps

Immanuel Kant and David Hume -- The Cause of Events and The Human Soul
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This 5 page report discusses two philosophical propositions: first, every event has a cause; and, second, an immortal soul exists distinct from the body. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and David Hume (1711-1776) were two of the 18th century Western world’s philosophers who were particularly concerned with issues relating to what is “right” or “good” and what best serves the needs of humankind both collectively and individually. The two separate philosophical propositions may be considered that will allow a greater understanding of the thinking of Hume and Kant Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWphilop.wps

Immanuel Kant and the Copernican Revolution
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This 20 page paper relates the basic elements of Kant's philosophical perspective, related to his Copernican Revolution, his analytical principles, quantum mechanics, ethics, theory of space and time and his general world view. This paper outlines some of the basic theories of Kant and relates them to the texts of his major works, including his Critique of Pure Reason. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MHKant6_

Immanuel Kant's 'Critique Of Pure Reason'
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A 5 page paper that provides an analysis of Kant's work and focuses on the ideal of pure reason as a central development. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Kantreas.wps

Immanuel Kant's Concept of Good Will Analyzed
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A 5 page paper which examines German philosopher Immanuel Kant's good will principle as articulated in his 1785 work, The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (also known as The Grounding For the Metaphysics of Morals. Specifically analyzed is why good will is considered to be good, according to Kant, and how it is expressed. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: GdWillAn.wps

Immanuel Kant’s A Priori Knowledge and Time
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This 5 page report discusses Immanuel Kant’s meaning regarding the “two pure forms of sensible intuition” being “a priori knowledge” and “time” as discussed in his Critique of Pure Reason published in 1781. Kant (1724-1804) believed individual thought to be the framework by which the individual was able to determine the appropriate category into which one thought process or pattern would fit over another. One of his first statements in the Critique is that: “In the order of time, therefore, we have no knowledge antecedent to experience, and with experience all our knowledge begins.” This paper looks at what he means by such a ststaement and how it relates to the nature and relaity of space and time. Bibliography lists one source.
Filename: BWkantcp.wps

Kant and Hume: A comparison of views on Ethics :
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The study of Ethics is an inquiry into the foundations of values. It is a concern with the eventual outcome of the action and experience of every day life. Ethics is inherently connected with every science : economic, political, religious and spiritual, to name only a few. This 6 page paper argues that Kant's ideas were, in effect, superimposed by the theories presented by Hume. Hume built on the empirical foundation of Kant and added the belief that morality is a consequence of emotion and exceeds the reasoning abilities in scope and function. Despite Kant's opposition to this view of morality, Hume has presented a wider and more comprehensive understanding. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: KTkanhum.wps

Kant and The Ethics of Choice
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A 5 page paper that investigates significant aspects of intention or consequences on the moral and ethical decisions of individuals. This paper supports Kant's theory that though man may incorporate personal and sometimes selfish considerations into the process of ethical determinations, this does not negate the moral applications of these choices. At the same time, Kant's theories call in to question whether the effects of moral choices, whether good or not, are considered good simply becasue of the intention of the individual making the determination. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Kanteth.wps

Kant’s Categorical Imperative and the Case of the Ford Pinto
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10 pages in length. 10 pages in length. Compares the Categorical Imperative of Kant to the case of the faulty gas-tank design in the Ford Motor Company Pinto. Makes reference to utilitarianism as well as the virtue theory and the rights theory. Looks at the ethics, the solution, cost-benefit analysis and alternative solutions. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: JGApinto.wps

Plato, David Hume, John Stuart Mill & Immanuel Kant on Capital Punishment
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A 7 page paper which examines the ancient Greek philosophical view of capital punishment, as espoused by Plato, and then considers the European perspectives of David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and Immanuel Kant. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TGcappun.wps

Questions on Morals and Utilitarianism
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5 pages. William Frankena in his article "Why Be Moral" feels that those who have been moral would choose to do so again if given the chance. For instance, when Socrates chose to be moral by refusing to escape from prison on death row, he was making a rational choice. He was able to make a rational decision to not be immoral. This paper explains this theory and also looks at utilitarianism as quoted by J. S. Mill, and discusses the difference between act and rule utilitarianism. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAmoral.wps

Utilitarianism And Rules
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2 pages in length. The writer discusses how a utilitarian can give an adequate answer to the question of why we have an obligation to obey the laws. No bibliography.
Filename: TLCutili.wps

The Concept of 'Self'/Enlightenment and Postmodern Philosophy
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A 2 page research paper that compares the concept of self in the Enlightenment with that of the postmodern era. The writer particularly addresses how the philosophy of the Enlightenment differed from that of the existentialists. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: 90enlitnmt.rtf

Heidegger And Strauss
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A 5 page analysis of the similarities and differences between the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and Leo Strauss. Heidegger was a major figure in contemporary existentialist thought and one of the important influences in 20th century European philosophy. Another noted German philosopher, Leo Strauss, was highly influenced by Heidegger, yet Strauss felt that in Heidegger's philosophy there were in inherent flaws that left Heidegger and his philosophical thought open to political manipulation. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Straussh.wps

Martin Heidegger and the Concept of Freedom
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This 5 page paper considers the views of the modern German philosopher Martin Heidegger on Freedom. The apparent existentialist has conflicting views on the indeterminable nature of total freedom and the influence of causal relationships. The paper considers the contradictions in his views and looks to reconcile them in an acceptable manner. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEheidig.wps

Phenomenology & Existentialism
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9 pages total. Using theories commonly taught in a philosophy class, the writer of this paper attempts to answer : (1) whether they have yet experienced the world phenomenologically, (2) how modern art helps us to understand ourselves phenomenologically, (3) how capitalism alienates, (4) what Kierkegaard meant by truth as subjectivity, and (5) the importance of epoche. No Bibliography.
Filename: Phenexis.wps

Aquinas: A Direct Realist?
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A 5 page paper which addresses whether Thomas Aquinas was a direct realist or not. The paper presents the argument that Aquinas was not a direct realist. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RAaqureal.wps

Philosophy Arguments
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A 5 page paper which discusses the Cosmological arguments of St. Thomas Aquinas, the ontological argument of St. Anselm, and the teleological argument of William Paley. Each philosopher’s arguments are discussed and them refuted with opposing arguments. Bibliography lists 4 additional sources.
Filename: RAphilarg.wps

The Concept Of A Happy Marriage
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A 12 page paper that considers the arguments of Aquinas, Singer, Wallerstein and Blaseslee and Whitehead in regards to what makes an ideal marriage. This paper presents supported considerations about what makes and ideal marriage and then demonstrates some issues relative to this premise. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Happym.wps

Virtue, According to Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas
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A 5 page paper which examines the similarities and differences between Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas' concepts of virtue, then discusses Aquinas' addition of theological virtues to Aristotle's moral and intellectual virtues. Specifically considered are Aquinas' 'Summa Theologica' and Aristotle's 'Nicomachean Ethics.' Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TGaquari.wps

Rousseau & Mill on Representation
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A 4 page research paper that examines the philosophies regarding representation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his book The Social Contract (1762) and John Stuart Mill a century later in his work Considerations on Representative Government (1861). The writer argues that although Rousseau's opinions are appealing in their purity of purpose, he does not offer a truly workable solution around his objections to representational government. Mill, on the other hand, offers concrete suggestions on how to implement his philosophical outlook on representation; and, therefore, offers the more convincing argument.
Filename: Roumil.wps

Mary Wollstonecraft / Feminist Philosopher
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An 8 page research paper on the life and philosophy of Mary Wollstonecraft. Wollstonecraft is highly regarded as the leader of the women's suffrage movement in Britain and is best known as the woman who answered Rousseau with her philosophical treatise entitled : 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.' The writer describes Wollstonecraft's life and works, and discusses her contributions to both philosophy and feminism. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Marywoll.wps

Sexuality in Mary Wollstonecraft's 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'
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A 6 page paper which examines the theme of sexuality in Mary Wollstonecraft's 1792 treatise, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Filename: TGrights.wps

Hobbes and the Nature of Man
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A 4 page paper discussing Thomas Hobbes' philosophy of the nature of man contrasted with that of St. Augustine. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Hobman.wps

The Leviathan State of Nature
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A 4 page essay examining how Thomas Hobbes' state of nature is an 'inference from the passions' of human kind. When Hobbes discovered Euclid's methods of logic, he set about examining the need for and the inevitability of the existence of government using Euclid's methods. Hobbes began with three basic assumptions from which to build: (1) justice and morality were products of government, not innate qualities of man; (2) all human motivation springs either from the desire for personal pleasure or the fear of pain; and (3) while there are physical and mental differences between individuals, those differences pale in connection with membership in a group. Under the last assumption, anyone was capable of overpowering any other one at any time. Hobbes concluded that in a state of nature, life would be every man against every man.
Filename: Hobbes.wps

Thomas Hobbes / Metaphysics & Politics
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A 6 page paper that provides an overview of Hobbes metaphysical considerations as they relate to both politics and religion and considers these elements in terms of Hobbes' Leviathan. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Thob1.rtf

Thomas Hobbes And His 'Modern' Notions Of Security
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This 10 page report discusses the ideas of Thomas Hobbes as they applied to the modern dilemma of security. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Hobmod.wps

Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine on a Contemporary Issue: Drug Abuse
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A ten page paper explaining the philosophies of these three seminal thinkers in great detail, and speculating about their opinions on the issue of drug abuse in our own day. The paper concludes that Aristotle provided the best way of looking at the situation from a broad, organizational level, while a combination of the Platonic and Augustinian approaches work best when working with individuals seeking to change their lives. Bibliography lists seven sources.
Filename: KBclssic.wps

St. Augustine's Confessions
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A 5 page paper which analyzes St. Augustine's 'Confessions.' Also discussed is the relevancy of his work today as it relates to modern life and Christianity. Bibliography lists 4 additional sources.
Filename: RAstconfes.wps

THE RELVEANCE OF ROUSSEAU TODAY
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This essay examines the relevance of Jean Rousseau's "Social Contract" today. Topics covered include the right to vote in a democracy, the admonision against force, and the will of the majority. Topics from current events are used to compare the importance of Rousseau's words, close to four centuries after they were written.
Filename: MTrourel.rtf

Natural Law
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This 6 page paper provides an overview of natural law theory and compares and contrasts the views of Aquinas, Hobbes and Cicero. Examples are provided. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA51Nat .wps

Renaissance History / The Moral Philosophy of the Humanists
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A 9 page paper that provides an overview of the issue of morality and man's human nature as they relate to the Humanists of Renaissance Europe. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Renhum.wps

Dworkin, Mills And Rawls: Article Summarization
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5 pages in length. The writer summarizes three articles: Ronald Dworkin's 'Is affirmative action doomed?,' Mills' 'Of the limits to the authority of society over the individual,' and John Rawls' 'A theory of justice.' No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLCrawls.wps

If We Are Social Animals, Then Whose Perspective Do We Adopt / John Rawls' or Robert Nozick's?
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A 10 page paper that explores the difference between the theories of justice espoused by these two prominent Harvard philosophers, focusing particularly on concepts of cooperation for mutually beneficial goals, and alternative concepts for the just distribution of the primary benefits of society. The position is taken that both theories can be critiqued from the perspective of their assumptions that human beings operate as separate individuals who make rational choices out of a place of self-interest. The question is whether either social contract or entitlement theory can fully explain the reasons why humans cooperate for mutual well-being. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Rawnov.wps

John Rawls' Difference Principle and Original Position
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John Rawls has been described as the foremost political philosopher of the twentieth century. His philosophy is aligned with Kant and addresses both the ethical forms of political systems and economic theories. This 6 page paper addresses Rawls' concepts of Original Position and Difference Principle in terms of comparison with Libertarianism, Marxist principles and programs appropriate to the United States. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KTjrawls.wps

John Rawls' Original Position
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This 8 page paper discusses John Rawls theory of fairness and justice. Specifically, the essay addresses Rawls' principles concerning inequality in society, when they are just and when they are not just. This discussion inherently must include a description of the maximin rule and what Rawls called the original position. Bibliography lists 5 sources. PGrawls.msw
Filename: PGrawls.msw

Rawls' Theory of Justice
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A 5 page paper on John Rawls' 'Theory of Justice' in reference to how some individuals believe his theories are too individualistic and others believe them to not be individualistic enough. A brief illustration of Rawls' theory is presented, followed by examples of the theories being too individualistic and not being individualistic enough. Bibliography lists 3 additional sources.
Filename: RArawls.wps

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